Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is one of the most common heart rhythm problems. In this condition, the heart beats in an irregular and often fast way.
This makes it hard for the heart to pump blood properly, which can lead to tiredness, shortness of breath, and other health problems.
Let’s understand this condition in detail below.
What is Atrial Fibrillation?
The heart has four chambers – two upper ones called atria and two lower ones called ventricles. Normally, the heart beats in a steady rhythm controlled by electrical signals.
In atrial fibrillation, these electrical signals become disorganized. The atria start beating rapidly and unevenly, which causes the heart to lose its regular rhythm. Because of this, blood may not flow smoothly and can sometimes form clots.
AFib is not always life-threatening, but it needs medical care to prevent serious problems like stroke or heart failure.
Types of Atrial Fibrillation
There are different types of AFib depending on how long it lasts:
- Paroxysmal AFib:
- Comes and goes on its own.
- May last for a few minutes or hours.
- Often stops without treatment.
- Persistent AFib:
- Lasts for more than 7 days.
- Needs treatment like medicine or electrical cardioversion to restore normal rhythm.
- Long-standing Persistent AFib:
- Lasts for more than a year.
- Usually requires long-term treatment and regular monitoring.
- Permanent AFib:
- The irregular rhythm becomes constant.
- Medicines are used to control the rate, not to restore rhythm.
Common Causes of Atrial Fibrillation
AFib can develop for many reasons. Sometimes, it occurs without a clear cause, but the most common factors include:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart attack or heart surgery
- Valve diseases in the heart
- Overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism)
- Sleep apnea
- Lung problems
- Excessive alcohol or caffeine intake
- Stress or emotional pressure
- Obesity
- Family history of AFib
In some people, AFib may occur without any known reason. This is called lone AFib.
Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation
Not everyone with AFib feels symptoms. Some people discover it only during a routine check-up. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Fast or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- Chest discomfort or tightness
- Weakness or tiredness
- Shortness of breath, especially during activity
- Dizziness or light-headedness
- Reduced ability to exercise
If symptoms are severe or sudden, it is important to seek medical help immediately.
How is Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosed?
To confirm AFib, a doctor will ask about symptoms, check your pulse, and perform some tests. Common tests include:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Records the electrical signals of the heart and shows if the rhythm is irregular.
- Holter Monitor: A portable device worn for 24 to 48 hours to continuously record heart activity.
- Echocardiogram: An ultrasound scan that shows the heart’s structure and pumping ability.
- Blood Tests: Used to check for thyroid problems or other causes.
- Chest X-ray or Cardiac MRI: Sometimes used to look at heart size and related issues.
Treatment Options for Atrial Fibrillation
The goal of treatment is to:
- Control the heart’s rate and rhythm.
- Prevent blood clots.
- Reduce the risk of stroke.
Treatment depends on the cause and the person’s overall health.
1. Medicines
- Rate control medicines: Help slow down the heart rate.
- Rhythm control medicines: Help restore normal rhythm.
- Blood thinners (anticoagulants): Prevent blood clots and stroke.
2. Cardioversion
A procedure where the doctor gives an electrical shock or medicine to reset the heart’s rhythm back to normal.
3. Ablation Therapy
A minimally invasive procedure where small areas of heart tissue causing abnormal signals are destroyed using heat or cold.
4. Pacemaker
In some cases, a small device called a pacemaker is placed under the skin to help control the heart’s rhythm.
5. Lifestyle Changes
These are very important in managing AFib:
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Avoid smoking
- Limit alcohol and caffeine
- Eat a heart-healthy diet
- Exercise regularly but safely
- Manage stress and get enough sleep
Complications of Atrial Fibrillation
If not treated properly, AFib can lead to serious health issues such as:
- Stroke: Irregular heartbeat can cause blood to pool in the heart, forming clots that may travel to the brain.
- Heart Failure: The heart may become weak and unable to pump blood efficiently.
- Other Heart Problems: Such as chest pain or worsening of existing heart disease.
Living with Atrial Fibrillation
With the right treatment and healthy habits, most people with AFib can live normal, active lives. Regular check-ups and following the doctor’s advice are very important.
People with AFib should:
- Take prescribed medicines regularly
- Monitor heart rate and blood pressure
- Stay active but avoid overexertion
- Report any new or worsening symptoms immediately
Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation
Although not all cases can be prevented, you can lower your risk by:
- Controlling high blood pressure and cholesterol
- Managing diabetes
- Avoiding smoking
- Reducing alcohol and caffeine intake
- Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Getting regular exercise
- Managing stress through yoga, meditation, or relaxation techniques
When to See a Doctor
You should seek medical help if you:
- Feel a sudden fast or irregular heartbeat
- Have chest pain or pressure
- Feel dizzy, weak, or faint
- Experience shortness of breath
These symptoms could mean your heart is not working properly and needs immediate attention.
Conclusion
Atrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm disorder where the upper chambers of the heart beat irregularly and too fast. It can cause fatigue, breathlessness, and increase the risk of stroke.
With early diagnosis, proper treatment, and healthy lifestyle habits, AFib can be managed effectively, allowing people to live a healthy and normal life.
FAQs
Q1. Can atrial fibrillation go away on its own?
Sometimes, especially in paroxysmal AFib, it can stop without treatment. However, regular medical follow-up is important.
Q2. Is atrial fibrillation life-threatening?
AFib itself is not always life-threatening, but it increases the risk of stroke and heart failure if not treated properly.
Q3. What foods should be avoided in AFib?
Avoid too much caffeine, alcohol, and high-salt foods. Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
Q4. Can stress cause AFib?
Yes, long-term stress or anxiety can trigger or worsen AFib. Managing stress is an important part of treatment.
Q5. Can exercise help with AFib?
Light to moderate exercise is helpful, but heavy workouts should be avoided unless advised by your doctor.